- \n
- #(hash) symbol represent the root user.<\/li>\n
- $(dollar) symbol represent the simple user.<\/li>\n
- There are Six terminals in Linux.: alt+\u00a0Ctrl\u00a0+f1 \u2013 GUI and alt+ctrl+f2,3,4,5,6 \u00a0Command Based or Textual Interface.<\/li>\n
- Press alt+\u00a0Ctrl\u00a0+f2 and\u00a0log in\u00a0in a terminal with the user name and password.<\/li>\n
- If you are admin then username will be root.<\/li>\n
- Here we will\u00a0log in\u00a0through admin i.e. #(pound) symbol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Super User\u00a0Access : While you are logged in the user named root, you are referred to as Superuser or administrator and have extraordinary privileges.<\/p>\n
[root@www ~]# passwd<\/em><\/strong>
\nChanging password for user root.<\/em><\/strong>
\nNew password: <\/em><\/strong>
\nRetype new password: <\/em><\/strong>
\npasswd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n[root@www ~]#<\/em> passwd mc712
\nChanging password for user mc712.
\nNew password:
\nRetype new password:
\npasswd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.<\/p>\nsu : SWITCH USER<\/strong><\/p>\n
[root@www ~]# su mc712
\n[mc712@www ~]$<\/p>\n\u00a0Working With The SHELL<\/strong><\/p>\n
When you log in and working in a textual (nongraphical) environment, and when you are using a terminal emulator in a graphical environment, you are using the shell as a command interpreter. That is , the shell displays a prompt, you are type a command, and the shell executes the command and displays another prompt.<\/p>\n
\u00a0WHICH SHELL ARE YOU RUNNING ?<\/strong><\/p>\n
You are probably running bash, but you may be running tcsh or another shell such as the Z Shell (zsh).You can identify the shell you are running by using the ps utility.<\/p>\n
[root@www ~]#<\/em> ps<\/em><\/strong>
\n PID TTY TIME CMD<\/em><\/strong>
\n 3169 pts\/2 00:00:00 bash<\/em><\/strong>
\n 3178 pts\/2 00:00:00 ps<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\nThis command shows tha you are running two utilities or commands: bash and ps.If you are running tcsh, ps will display tcsh instead of bash.If you are running a different shell, ps will display its name.<\/p>\n
\u00a0CORRECTING MISTAKES<\/strong><\/p>\n
You can correct typing mistakes in several ways: You can erase one character at a time, back up a word at a time, or back up to the beginning of the command line in one step.After you press Enter, it is too late to correct a mistake.<\/p>\n
\u00a0ERASING A CHARACTER<\/strong><\/p>\n
- \n
- The default erase key is BACKSPACE. If this key does not work, try DELETE or\u00a0Ctrl\u00a0+H.<\/li>\n
- DELETING A WORD \u2013\u00a0Ctrl\u00a0+w<\/li>\n
- DELETING A LINE \u2013 CTRL+U<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
ABORTING\u00a0Execution<\/strong><\/p>\n
- \n
- To terminate a program from a character-based display, press the interrupt key\u00a0Ctrl\u00a0+c.<\/li>\n
- Ctrl\u00a0+z for suspends a program.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
REPEATING\/EDITING COMMAND LINES<\/strong><\/p>\n
- \n
- To repeat a previous command on the command line, press the UP ARROW key, Each time you press UP ARROW, you see an earlier command line.<\/li>\n
- To\u00a0re execute\u00a0the displayed command line, press ENTER.<\/li>\n
- Press DOWN ARROW to browse through the command lines in the other direction.<\/li>\n
- The RIGHT and LEFT ARROW keys move the cursor back and forth along the displayed command line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
HELPING COMMAND\u2019s : Where TO FIND DOCUMENTATION<\/strong><\/p>\n
- \n
- Distribution of\u00a0Linux\u00a0typically do not come with hardcopy reference manuals.<\/li>\n
- However,its online documentation has always been one of Linux\u2019s strengths.<\/li>\n
- The manual(or man) and info pages have been available via the man and info utilities since early releases of the operating system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
THE \u2013help Option<\/p>\n
Most utilities have help option that displays the information about the utility.<\/p>\n
[root@www ~]#<\/em> cat \u2013help<\/em><\/strong>
\nUsage: cat [OPTION]\u2026 [FILE]\u2026<\/em><\/strong>
\nConcatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n-A, \u2013show-all equivalent to -vET<\/em><\/strong>
\n -b, \u2013number-non-blank\u00a0number nonempty output lines<\/em><\/strong>
\n -E, \u2013show-ends display $ at end of each line<\/em><\/strong>
\n -n, \u2013number number all output lines<\/em><\/strong>
\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n[root@www ~]# who \u2013help<\/strong><\/em>
\nUsage: who [OPTION]\u2026 [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ]<\/strong><\/em>
\nPrint information about users who are currently logged in.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n-a, \u2013all same as -b -d \u2013login -p -r -t -T -u<\/strong><\/em>
\n -b, \u2013boot time of last system boot<\/strong><\/em>
\n -u, \u2013users list users logged in<\/strong><\/em>
\n \u2013message same as -T<\/strong><\/em>
\n \u2013writable same as -T<\/strong><\/em>
\n \u2013help display this help and exit<\/strong><\/em>
\n \u2013version output version information and exit<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\nman: Displays The SYSTEM MANUAL<\/strong><\/p>\n
The man utility displays manual pages from the system documentation.This documentation is helpful when yoy know which utility you want to use but have forgotten exactly how to use it.<\/p>\n
[root@www ~]# man write<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
WRITE(1) Linux Programmer\u2019s Manual WRITE(1)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
NAME<\/strong><\/em>
\n write \u2013 send a message to another user<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
![\"Getting](\"http:\/\/localhost\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Getting-started-with-Linux.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\n